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[RIȺ*=zfj  F>T(  T T Nhb?" *,$D 0 01 H/fr`Qpe؏/f^r`Qpe DHbTj }     .~ T Tb ?"@,$D 0 $q% [IN H  U pVL8nK!x   $n T N\b̙?"` U ,$D0 .q(H):/fr`Qpe I{SS^p1\/fSO|vqS@ }   h T Nb?" @,$D0  % H = U + pV % H = Qp % QV =  U B }         & f& . & $ ~ T s *bAp  b H T 0޽h ? ___f3fL   X(  X X Thd ?"Y ,$D 0  5. I{[S^p V = 0 RW = 0ُ*NǏ z>eQvpϑ:NQV 9hncpRf[,{N[_: QV =  U 2 x' x $$$ f& f& f f  & f& f  & f. f& f&  & f. f& f & Z     @` X Bd ?" bS ,$D 0 Bf(WI{[Ǐ z-N SO|8T6evpϑQVhQ(uegXRSO|vpRf[0`" & .   ~ X s *DdA,   d  X < d̙?"   H = Qp<     X <<"d̙?"},$D 0 "2Qp NQv KNvsQ|d     0H X 0޽h ? ___f3f   \D(  \ \ T Td ?"0 ,$D0 6. QpNQvKNvsQ| % Qp = DH Qv = DU + p DV DH = DU + p DV = DU + DnRT Qp = Qv + DnRT %[N glSOSRvS^ DV `" 0, Qp `" Qv %[m`TV`S^ Qp H" Qv, DH H" DU % H + 8TpS^ H - >epS^0nK!sD8nK!s        33 33 33  33 33 33 33 33 33  33  33    33  33  33    33   33 33 33    33 33 33  : .                   @`@ \ <epY? YQY\? HJ   > . 0 ` <XE̙?"6v ,$D 0 PT{ (W_SpogۏLepHe^:NQp, (W[\[hV-NۏLepHe^:NQv, TV NZPREe>epY, YQvR:N DnRT = (100/65.4)8.314300 = 3814 J `               \ !H ` 0޽h ? [RIȺ*=zfj   z d (  dT d TS ?" ,$D 0 O1(u9__ϑpKm_298Ke qp1molck^pvR`[S^p:N- 4807.12 kJmol-1,BlvQQpH l 0޽h ? [RIȺ*=zfj\  p(  pp p T ?"9,$D0 @% N Tϑ|pev TNS^ vQid\S^p N T H2g + 1/2O2g === H2Og DrHmJ(298) = -241.8 kJmol-1 2H2g + O2g === 2H2Og "   " " &.&&.&&.&&&.&.. &&.&.&&.&&.&&& " $#+P p <?" 7,$D0 l<DrHmJ(298) = - 483.6 kJmol-1 .&.. &&.& p B ?" ,$D0 0%ckS^vS^pHe^pedgֳgֳ ?C<$ 0 d   C xBdgֳgֳ ?D`<$ 0 d    `Dd1?p h1876t^Vyf[[Gibbsf(WI{)nI{S N YgN*NS^(ueg\OR RS^/fSv SKN:N^SV5 2((f((f(   &Z  C 2AA:\gibis.bmpP`  Hd޽h ? ff3 6.(     ``[1?[,$D 0 101uQpev[IN O CH4(g) + 2O2(g) = CO2(g) + 2H2O (l) Zn + Cu2+ = Zn2+ + Cu 2H2O (l) 2H2(g) + O2 (g) pRf[,{N[_DU = Q + W I{)nSagN NDU = Qr + Wmax QrSǏ z8T6eb>eQvpϑ Wmax: g'YR R   &,! f              f f f f f f f f f f f f f   f  f   f f f f f f f f  f f f G   }  H  0޽h ? ___f3f :(    T| ??j ,$D0  Wmax= - p DV + Wmax, Qr = T DS \ DU = T DS - p DV + Wmax, DU + p DV = T DS + Wmax, DH = T DS + Wmax, DH - T DS = Wmax N G H - TS, R DG = Wmax      f f f.            f   f f fR  z  N??,$D0 4G[INveQpe 1uQpe Free energyV ! !  !  !  H  0޽h ? [RIȺ*=zdj 4,(  2  Ṭ ??v*,$D 0 z"aIN `$ S_DG < 0e Wmax< 0,hf1u(ueg [sX\Og'Y g(uR /fSǏ z0 a$ S_DG > 0e Wmax> 0, hfǏ z^S OǏ zۏL _{1u sX[SO|ZPR0 G/f&T:Nr`Qpe0nK! f  f  ! !  ! ! !#   f  f  f f f0  !! !) R  Nȴ?"L ,$D0 b$ 1u/fr`QpeN nK! f  3 H  0޽h ? [RIȺ*=zdj  b Z  (    T ?? 4  Tŕ ??0J ,$ 0 |30 T^e-kY yQe z (Gibbs HelmnoltzEquation) DG = DH - TDS DGJ(T) = DHJ - TDSJ ^(uagN.4 nK!(nK!0 nK! ,!'f ffffffff.H   f(•A??_g ,$D 0 𡋗{I{)nI{SagN N NUOǏ zv1uSDG pRf[hQ` N I{)nǏ zv1uSv{DGJ(T)  nK!" nf3 f 3 $  Bܕ ,$ 0 \20yr +YI{)ne z , B  BP=M,$ 0 0DrGmT = DrGmJ T +RTlnJ   ff fff ff ff fffff>H  0޽h ? [RIȺ*=zdj"  b(  x  c $XOdB d   T.d ??,$D0 10Ǐ zvS'` %SǏ z NQPYR1\SuvǏ zy:N SǏ z %SS^ NQPYR1\SuvS^y:N SS^ % 19N~ (uqSDH$ReS^SuveT %QSO|ϑGSؚvǏ z/f NSۏLv $0xi$8x $fff  fRH  0޽h ? ___f3f\      (      T ??` ,$D 0 %ONa(s) + H2O(l) NaOH(aq) + 1/2H2(g) DrHJm = -184 kJmol-1 CH4(g) + 2O2 CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) DrHJm = -802 kJmol-1 CO(g) C(s) +1/2O2 DrHJm = 111 kJmol-1T$8Z f                                                             C lWY    fA?_g" `,$D0 wv NH4ClVSOn㉎N4l 8Tp0S D CaCO3(s) = CaO(s) + CO2(g) `$8Z n 3 3 3        L, H   0޽h ? ___f3f ^V$(  $ $  fTI1?{ ,$D0 20qNqS 1 .qSO|mqN^(be^^)vϑ^0Sh:y 2 .pRf[,{ N[_[N~ir(vvfSO (WpRf[^e q:N0 3 . hQq1 molir((WhQr` N@b{Qv hQq

,$D0 >4 . qvĉ_ `$ TNir( l`q'YNm`q m`q'YNV `q ST q(g) > ST q(l) > ST q(s) OH2O: S q 298 H2O (g) > S q 298 H2O (l) 188.7 Jmol-1 K-1 69.96 Jmol-1 K-1 a$v TSP[~bvRP[-N RP[-NSP[pevY q    A     OJB 4 s *޽h ? ff3|  , $ @8 (  8 8  fݗ1? ^fO3-11 Ջ0O/lSnN4lS^vDrSJck v^gh{S^qSDrSJm0  H2O(l) NH4Cl(s) NH4+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) 1uNVSOnN4l/fqXRvǏ z,VdkS^vDrSJm > 0,:Nck 0 a$ S^Ǐ z-NlSOϑ|peQ\vS ^ S^vDSJ < 0 b$ QS^Ǐ z-NlSOϑ|pe NSvS ^ S^vDSJ = 0 c$ l glSOSRvS^ S^-Nir(;` ϑ|peXRvS^DSJ > 0S^-N ir(ϑ|peQ\vS^ S^v DSJ < 0 V $f"$$$3&$3$3&$3$3$f$$3&$3$3&$3"$$f$$3&$3$3&$3"$$f$$3&$3$3&$3 $$3&$3$3&$3"$Z     H < 0޽h ? ___f3f   @.(  @ @  `Hd1?0t * 2$4 @  `d1? 30qSNǏ zveT 1 .p)nq (WR`)nSǏ z-N SO|8T6eb>eQvpϑQrNSO|vqSDSKN gN NsQ| DS  Qr / T , DS p)nq QrR`)nSǏ z-NSO|@b8T6evp" 2R02 &,$f      3 3 3 3  3 3 3 3 &H @ 0޽h ? ___f3f `D*(  D D TXi ?? ,$D0 :2 . pRf[,{N[_ d[zSO|~pSO| vSǏ z/fSO|qXRvǏ z sS r`I r`II SII > SI DS = SII - SI > 0 DS > 0 Ǐ zSۏL DS < 0 Ǐ zSۏL DS = 0 s^ar` S }+ } $f  3                 3  3 33 33 f  fEfl,    H D 0޽h ? ___f3fP  0H(  HX H Th ??z ,$D0 6 ; (uq\OǏ zS'`$Rnce_{(uDSJd[z d[zSO| (uDSJd[z ^d[zSO| q_TSf[S^veT `$ qSDH J a$ qDSJ $( f  3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3  3 3 3 3 3 3   3   3 3 3  3 3 3 3 3 Z1H H 0޽h ? ___f3fb  pL(  Lj L T ??]  3 DrHJm DrSJm[S^S'`vq_T DrHJm/fe: S^ckTS; DrHJm/fck 0e, S(Wؚ)neSۏL ; SO|vqS/fǏ zSSvcRRKNN `$(G$8} $f$f$f$f$f$f$f$f$f$f$f$f $f                    3   3A H L 0޽h ? ___f3f    P< (  P P  f`1?v,$D0 : \`$S^2H2O2 (l) 2H2O(l) + O2 (g) DrHJm = -196.5 kJmol-1 < 0 (>ep) DrSJm = 160.8 Jmol-1 > 0 H2O2 (l)R㉄vS^(WNUO)n^ N/f Sv V:N[S0RDHJSDSJ$NV }vcR a$S^CO(g) === C +1/2O2 (g) DrHJm = 110 kJmol-1 > 0 (8Tp) DrSJm = -189.72 Jmol-1 CO(g) N{(WNUO)n^ N NOS0WubCTO2 ُNS^eNUOcRR/ x& f " * " * "  " * " * "   * "  * "  "  " * "  "   * "  * "  " *  " & 3. 3& 3. 3& 3& 3& 3 3 3& 3 3 3 3& 3 3 3& 3& f " * "   * "  * "  " * "  "   * "  * "  "  " * " & 3 3& 3 3& 3. 3  3&% " H P 0޽h ? ___f3f T4(  T T  f1?  fb$S^CaCO3(s) = CaO(s) + CO2(g) DrHJm = 177 kJmol-1 > 0 DrSJm = 164.69 Jmol-1 >0 (WNO)n N NSۏL S^SSۏL ؚ)ne S^SۏL & f " * " * "   * "  * "  " * "   * "  * "  " * "  R # H T 0޽h ? ___f3f XN(  X X  f<1?  <c$S^HCl(g) + NH3(g) ===NH4Cl(s) DrHJm = -176.89 kJmol-1 < 0 (>ep) DrSJm = -284.23 Jmol-1 < 0 NO)n NSۏL,(DrHJmwcR\O(u)(Wؚ)n NTS^SۏL ckTS^ NۏL0   & f " * " * "   * "  * "  "  " * "  "   * "  * "  "  " * "   * "  *  " C p# H X 0޽h ? ___f3f h`\(  \ \ T6 ??F@  <4 ~ 8^)n N `$ DrHJm << 0e S^ckTS a$ DrHJm > 0e, DrSJm > 0 ؚ)n N S^SSۏL R  f"  "  33 33. 33& 33 33. 33 33 "  33 33. 33& 33 33. 33 33"  . &  . &   " ^ H \ 0޽h ? ___f3f   @`$(  ` ` C x hgֳgֳ ?A<$ 0  h  `  `d1?M m  H `  fLh1?` N0ve[_SvQ^(u 1. ve[_1840 G.H.Hess(^tXyf[[ Sf[S^RbNekbRQek[b ;`S^v DrHmq I{NTRekS^vT DrHmq 3  DrHmq 1 DrHmq 2 DrHmq3 _$0-$0/             qdW qdW qdW qdW qdW qdW qdW qdW qdW qdW qdW qdW qdW qdW qdW qdW qdW qdW qdW qdW qdW qdW  '                    ` ` Hd޽h ? ff3\    h (  h h TU ??/  ]w 2Cu(s) O2(g) 2CuO(s) (1) 2Cu(s) O2(g) Cu2O(s) (2) 2Cu2O(s) O2(g) 2CuO(s) (3) DrHmq 1 = - 314 kJmol-1 DrHmq 2 = - 169 kJmol-1 DrHmq 3 = - 145 kJmol-1h        3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3  3  3            3 3 3 3 3 3 3  3 3 3 3 3 3 3,+/              T h N{?? @l  (1) = (2) + (3) DrHmq 1 = DrHmq 2 + DrHmq 3 U  3        3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3p-             H h 0޽h ? *=zdjR    l (  l l T荙 ??,$D 0 `OYBl C(wX) 1/2 O2(g) CO(g)vp He^N1 3 3 3 3H h l T ?? ,$D 0 n]wC(wX) O2(g) CO2(g) (1) CO(g) 1/2O2(g) CO2(g) (2) DrHmq 1 = - 393.5 kJmol-1 DrHmq 2 = - 283.0 kJmol-1H         3 3 3 3 3 3             3 3 3 3 3 3 3*$         l T ??@ ,$D 0 X(1) - (2)_ C(wX) 1/2 O2(g) CO(g) (3) DrHmq 3  DrHmq 1 DrHmq 2 \   3      qdW qdW qdW qdW qdW qdW qdW qdW qdW qdW qdW qdW qdW qdW qdW qdW qdW %            H l 0޽h ? *=zdj <4p(  p p TxЙ ??]vx 2^(uagN la `$ gSf[S^/f(WI{SbI{[ NNek[ bv (WRek[be TRek_N(WI{S bI{[ NۏL a$ mSg TNir(e NNBlir(vy {|v T vQir(vZƖr`_Nv T0 $(k$8        3  3  #  3 A tH p 0޽h ? ___f3f:   PtJ(  tb t N0h??\,$D 0 <ve[_DrHmq  DrHmq 1 DrHmq 2$0n              h             t c $=hA<Pp<$D 0  h r t NCh?? ,$D 0  DfHmq, (C) = DfHmq, (O2) = 0, DrHmq1  DfHmq,CO2(g) DrHmq2  DfHmq,CO(g) e$0n                                                                             t Nkh?? ,$D 0 S^CO(g) 1/2O2(g) CO2(g) vqS DrHmq :N DrHmq  DfHmq,CO2(g) - DfHmq,CO(g) .O$0n                                                       t Ndh̙??,$D 0 @C(wX) O2(g) CO2(g) DrHmq1 C(wX) 1/2 O2(g) CO(g) DrHmq2g$0n  !A !A  !A !A !A !A !A !A !A !A !A !A !A !A !A !A !A !A !A!A!        ` t Hd޽h ? ff3  \ T | (  | |  f1?-0  0 H2(g) + 1/2O2(g) H2O (l) SN$Ny N T_ۏL DrHJ H2(g) + 1/2O2(g) H2O (l) DrHJ = -285.8 kJmol-1 DH1J DH2J DH4J DH3J 2H (g) + O(g) H2O(g) >f6q DrHJ = DH1J + DH2J + DH3J+ DH4J = -285.8kJmol-1 f= [                @                                                 '                                         "      Ad,6;NH | 0޽h ? ___f3f" b(     `?1?Z,$D 0 "O3-4  ]w Sn (s) + Cl2 (g) = SnCl2 (s) DrHJm = -349.8 kJmol-1 SnCl2(s) + Cl2(g) = SnCl4 (l) DrHJm = -195.4 kJmol-1 Bl: Sn(s)+ 2Cl2(g) = SnCl4(l) vS^pDrHJm x &  "  " " " * " " " * " " "  . &  . &  &  & . & " * " * " * " " "   . &  . . &  &  & . &   " " " * " " " * " " "   * "  * Cx >kt  Ns?? ,$D 0 `Sn (s) + Cl2 (g) = SnCl2 (s) DrHJ1 (1) SnCl2(s) +Cl2(g) = SnCl4 (l) DrHJ2 (2) (1) + (2) _ Sn(s) + 2Cl2(g) = SnCl4(l) DrHJm x " * " * "  * "  * * " * " * " * " " "  * "  * * " &  & . & . & & &  . &  .  n#< !  N萚?? :,$D0 4" DrHJm = DrHJ1 + DrHJ2 = -349.8 + (-195.4) = -545.2 kJmol-1W x "  * "  * "  * "  * "  * "    "  " * "  "  "  " * @>H  0޽h ? ___f3f PH(     f1?',$D0 NO3-5 ]w C(wX) + 1/2O2(g) = CO(g) vS^pDrHJmN(u[Km[ Ջ)R(uC(wX)SCO(g)vqppBlS^vS^p0  qpp: c1molir((WpRf[hQ` N[hQqp, CubCO2(g) HubH2O(l) NubNO2(g) SubSO2(g) ClubHCl(g), @bNuvpHe^ l  & "  "  " * "   * "  *  "  "  "  "    "  &  & . &  &  & . & & &  &  & . &  & 3 3& 3. 3& 3 & ff ff& ff  "    H  0޽h ? ___f3fL     (  T  T ??]K`XP___PPT92*  h4" C(wX) + O2(g) = CO2(g) DrHJm= -393.5 kJmol-1 (1) CO(g) + 1/2O2(g) = CO2(g) DrHJm = -283.0 kJmol-1 (2) - (2) _ C(wX) + 1/2O2(g) = CO(g) DrHJm 4" DrHJm = -393.5 - (-283.0) = -110.5 kJmol-1  #  0   "  " * " * "   . &  . &  &  & . %* " * " * " * "   . &  . &  &  & . )* "  "  "  " * "  * "  * "   * "  * "  "  "  "  "  " * " C A {G ) @`H  0޽h ? ___f3fr "0(  z   f61?q  TO3-6:]w2uT2uvqppR+R:N-726.64 kJmol-1S-563.58kJmol-1 BlS^ CH3OH(l) + 1/2O2(g) ! HCHO(g) + H2O(l) vS^p0 $     &       "  " *   "  " *  " * " " " * " " " " " * " " "  ,"  " C H' -0 H  0޽h ? ___f3f    @J (  h   fp$1?J[,$D 0 \ CH3OH(l) +1/2O2(g) ! HCHO(g) + H2O(l) ??? . n  " * " " " * " " " " " * " " "  ,&  Nd??`,$D 0 tPHCHO(g) + O2 (g) = CO2 (g) + H2O(l) DrHJ1 = -563.58kJmol-1 CH3OH(l) +3/2O2(g) =CO2 (g) +2H2O (l) DrHJ2 = -726.64 kJmol-1 n" " " * " " " * " " " * " " "  "   . &  . . &  &  & . & " * " * " * " * " " "  "   . &  . . &  &  & . ,:Rt  N?? j,$D 0  - _  CH3OH(l) + 1/2O2(g) = HCHO(g) + H2O (l) DrHJm = -726.64 - (-563.58) = -163.06 kJmol-1 9 n2  &    " * " " " * " " " " " * " " "     * "  * "  "  "  "  "  " *  , 2,H  0޽h ? ___f3fb  P(  j   f촛1?,$D0 O3-7 Ջ)R(uhQubppenc{YNpvqpp YNpqpS^ C2H2(g) +5/2O2(g) = 2CO2(g) + H2O(l) DfHJm / kJmol-1 226.8 - 393.5 - 285.3 DrHJm = 2 (-393.5) + (-285.3) - (226.8) = -1299.7 kJmol-1 l" w * &   & "  "  f " * " * " * " * " * "  * "  * "  " * * "  "  "  * "  * "  "  "  "  "  "  " * " >1.9MH  0޽h ? ___f3fD      `r (    C xhgֳgֳ ?A 0  h j  T h ?? m,$D0 O0Bl NRS^vS^pDrHmq   2Na2O2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4NaOH(s) + O2(g) DrHmq /kJmol-1 -513.2 -285.83 -426.73 00$                 - X      '  <  B   nHhA??e~zD,$D 0 p"4.)R(uhQq{Sf[S^vS^p  $3   Nth?",$D 0 DrHmq  DfHmq,(ubir) - DfHmq,(S^ir)  4 DfHmq,NaOH(s) - 2 DfHmq, 2Na2O2(s) - 2 DfHmq,H2O(l) = 4 (-426.73) - 2 (-513.2) -2 (-285.83) = - 108.9 kJmol-1 $  f f f f f f f f f f  f f f f f f f      !                  ]   0                                Z  B  s *޽h ? ff3D   j   pr (  :  Ti ?? ,$D 0 O20]wS^ HCl(g) + H2O H+ (aq) + Cl-(aq) vDrHmq  -74.7 kJmol-1 DfHmq(HCl,g) = -92.5 kJmol-1 , BlDfHmq,Cl-(aq) = ? DfHJ (H+ aq) = 0.00 DrHJm= -74.7 = 0 +DfHJm(Cl -,aq) - DfHmq(HCl,g) 4" DfHJm (Cl - aq) = -167.2 kJmol-1 ~E%03$0$8\$0 3                                                                                                                 B  s *޽h ? ff3 B:`(     fݛ1?p d ,$D0 5.QypHe^ `$ qp\[ϑn(nN[ϑnBRevpHe ^N)n^0SR0nBRy{|SnmSm^ gsQ a$ePzʑnmcS_TnmReQnBRe NQN upHe^evnm h:yg x,f',f f& f f& "  f%  "  "  gH  0޽h ? ___f3fL p(    T\ ?? -,$D0 X Na(s) + 1/2Cl2(g) = Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) DrHJm = - 407.2kJ mol-1 :L x             * "  * "  " * C b<  Nt ?"X ,$D0 |b$ yP[ubp pRf[hQ` N 1u3z[US(ub1mol nNY'Yϑ4l b_bv^vyP[ve PzʑnmeNuvpHe^0 v[(    C xigֳgֳ ?Ap <$0  i   Ti ??M  DfHmqh:y USMO:NkJ mol-1 % TNir( N TZƖ`e vQhQqpe

$               f(  f%  fG f      3 B  s *޽h ? ff3 rj(     fX1? ,$D 0 20hQub1uDfGJm 1 . (WpRf[hQ` N 3z[r`vUS( ub1mol~ir(e S^v1uSS:N ir(vhQub1u0 (uDfGJm h:y USMOkJmol-1 hQ` N 3z[US( vub1u DfGJm = 0 2 4lnm-NyP[vub1uDfGJ(Mn) /fNc["lyP[vePznmvhQub 1u:NDfGJ(H+, aq) = 0J n ',!,!.,!&,!,!.,!  f   f & !  f. f& f f. f& f  f& f. f  f      f. f& f f. f& f f& f f& f f   . &  & . &   f f. f& f f& f. f& f f. f& f fEf "   H  0޽h ? ___f3f  J B  (     f1?6,$D0 3 01uSDfGJmv{ m A + n B === x C + y D Ǐ z1uSDrGJm:N DrGJm = S[DfGJ298(ubir)] -S[DfGJ298(S^ir)]  x DfGmq,c + y DfGmq,d - m DfGmq,a - n DfGmq,b DfGJ0DfGJmvUSMO:NkJmol-1 K ) M0nK! (!(!(!(!(!(!(!',!& & & & & & & &   !. !& ! !. ! &  . &  . &  &  . &  . &  &  &  . &  . &  &                                 f. f& f f. f f f. f& f f. f & f f& f. f& fz  &                  H  0޽h ? ___f3f  4 , (  p  H? ?"P ,$D 0 R N0pRf[QpevSS[S^S'`vq_T 1. DG (T) = DH - TDS .* &,!& & !& f f& f. f& f f& f f& f f& f fZ   fO1?P ,$D 0 2. DG = DWmax 0 DG > 0 Wmax > 0 ^SǏ z DG < 0 Wm < 0 /fSǏ z DG/fǏ zS'`v$Rnc^V & ! !  f& f f& f. f&   f& f& f f & f. f& f& f f  f& f& f & f. f& & f f  f& f  d     B?" j`,$D 0 2DG > 0:^SǏ z DG < 0:SǏ z|  f& f f f& f f,H  0޽h ? [RIȺ*=zdj D(      fR1?\FL$D 0XP___PPT92* J3. DrHJm 0DrSJm &{S N T[S^S'`vq_T `$ DrHJm < 0 DrSJm > 0 DGJ = DHJ - TDSJ< 0 SǏ z DrHJm > 0 DrSJm < 0 DGJ > 0 ^SǏ z DrHJm > 0 DrSJm > 0 DGJ = DHJ - TDSJ NO)ne DGJ > 0 ^SǏ z ؚ)ne DGJ gS< 0 SSۏL DrHJm < 0 DrSJm < 0 NO)ne DGJ< 0 ckTS ؚ)ne DGJ > 0 ckT^S  i V 0 L  S  !!.!&!!.!!!!.!&!!.!&! !!!f.f&ff.f&f&fff.f&ff.f&f&f f&ff&ff&ff&ff&ff&ff&f&!f.f&ff.f&fff.f&ff.f&f !&!!.!&!&!+&f!!.!&!!.!&!!!.!&!!.!&!!&!!&!!&!!&!!&!&!!&!! !&!!.!&!"!&!!.&f!.!&!!.!&!!!.!&!!.!&! !&!!&!#!&!!.&!G&J1 = !    @`H  0޽h ? ___f3f   L(  x  c $iA&Pp  i  0 HA ?fB7O  iH  0޽h ? ___f3f4 t(  <   f 1?F V4. ^hQ` N,S^veT'`1uDGvck 0 ^S DG = 0 s^a 5. GNH S/fwQ g^^'`( DrGJm DrHJm DrSJm^NwQSOvSf[S ^_vT| p x"   "    !& !. !& !  !& !. !& !  !& !. !& ! & & ! ! & ! & ! !& !  !. !& ! !. ! ! !. !& ! !. ! ! !. !& ! !. !     H  0޽h ? ___f3f  t l  (    H3 ?"}`  &DG DH DS)n^0SR SS DrHJm(T)0 DrSJm(T)SN(u298KvpencNf)n^(T)evDrHJm 0DrSJm FODrGJ m(T) )n^SS_'Y (WNHNagN NS(u|e x !& ! ! !& ! ! !& !   !. !& ! !. ! !. ! !. !& ! !. ! &   !  !. !& ! !. ! ! !. !& ! !. ! !  !. !& ! !. !.  f. !   Bx}?"   ,$D0 0@DrGJ(T) H" DrHJ(298) - TDrSJ(298)! nK! !. !& ! !. !& ! !. !& ! !. !& ! !& ! !. !& ! !. !> ,  Nmf?"  ] ,$D 0 levSagN ( nK! H  0޽h ? [RIȺ*=zdj\  j (  R  Hi ?"  6. (uDrGJmbDrGm$RegNS^S'`>PTe ShfS^vpRf[>PT Nh:y[ES^ vs 7. S^vS'`NS^vS'` N/f TNi_ ^SvS^ NI{N NS h nK! !  ! ! ! ! !  ! ! ! !  !  ! !  !  !   ! :ZB  s *޽h ? ff3t    (  &  Hi ?"z  V0 pRf[Qpev{SwQSO^(uR nK!'(!(!'(! <  H|i ?"  N 0Q*NpRf[Qpe 1pRf[ U 2q H 3q S 41u G N 0{S^(u (1) pRf[,{N[_ U = Q  W laQ 0WvckS*z8nK!Z  f   f  f  f   f  f ! f  f f fv"B  s *޽h ? ff3  Z R 0 (     f1?P  4(2) I{[agN NvS^pQV = DU (3) I{SagN NvS^pQP = DH DH = DU + PDV QP= QV + PDV = QV + DnRT (4)ve[_SvQ^(u (5)Ǐ zS'`$Rnc DGNDrGJ hQ` N (uDrGJm> 0 b DrGJm< 0 ^hQ` N (u DrG > 0 b DrG < 0 DGJ(T) = DHJ - TDSJ DG (T) = DH - TDS$8Z}  f  f ! ! ! f  f ! ! !   ! ! ! ! ! !  ! f         3. 3& 3 3. 3& 3  3. 3& 3 3. 3& 3   3. 3& 3& 3  3. 3& 3& 3  !& ! !. !& ! !& ! !& ! !& ! !& ! !  !& !. !& ! !& ! !& ! !& !C  U  >H  0޽h ? ___f3f  @V(     f1? 8(6) Bl{S^lv)n^ 298 KeDrGmq v{el DrGmq  DfGmq(ubir) - DfGmq(S^ir) DrGmq  DrHmq - 298 DrSmq T KeDrGmq v{el DrGmq  DrHmq - T DrSmq X$0Z$0%0 &$ $$                                                       G                                             H  0޽h ? ___f3f    (    H l ?"Y O1)n^[ NRS^veT'`q_T  CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g) DfHmq /kJmol-1 -1206.9 -635.1 -393.5 Smq /Jmol-1K-1 92.9 39.7 213.6 DfGmq /kJmol-1 -1128.8 -604.2 -394.4p nK! !'0*   6    =    5    B<$l?"f,$D 0 298Ke DrGmq  394.4 - 604.2 + 1128.8 = 130.2 kJmol-1 \ 298Ke^S DrHmq = 178.3 kJmol-1, DrSmq = 164.4 Jmol-1K-1 S^(Wؚ)n NS S^v)n^:N DrGmq  DrHmq - T DrSmq 0 T DrHmq /DrSmq = 178.3 103/164.4 = 1111 K nK!(    6      "                           B  s *޽h ? ff3  j d \  (      `Ml1? O2 NRS^S&T(uN V.l YSv݋ )n^YUOc6R (1) 2N2(g) + O2(g) 2N2O(g) (2) N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) (3) N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)nw 2 !                      #T  Bclγ?"= v,$D 0  (1) 2N2(g) + O2(g) 2N2O(g) DfHmq /kJmol-1 0 0 81.6 Smq /Jmol-1K-1 191.5 205.0 220.0 DrHmq = 163.2 kJmol-1, DrSmq = -148.0 Jmol-1K-1 S^(WNUO)n^ NGW^SL. 2            +  &  ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !  >    :          H  0޽h ? ___f3f$     d (  ,  Hl ?" : (2) N2(g) + O2(g) 2 NO(g) DfHmq /kJmol-1 0 0 90.4 Smq /Jmol-1K-1 191.5 205.0 210.6 DrHmq = 180.8 kJmol-1, DrSmq = 24.7 Jmol-1K-1 SS^v)n^:N DrGmq  DrHmq - T DrSmq 0 T DrHmq /DrSmq = 180.8 103/24.7 = 7320 K VdkS^S g(W>e5uvSR:gpkpv`Q NMbSSu0 ; nK!2 nK!  ! !  ! ! !  !        (         #                      ! ! ! ! ! ! !  ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !  ! ! !  N$  :    7                            H  0޽h ? ___f3f     D (    HHl ?" (3) N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) DfHmq /kJmol-1 0 0 -46.2 Smq /Jmol-1K-1 191.5 130.6 192.5 DrHmq = -92.4 kJmol-1, DrSmq = -198.3 Jmol-1K-1 SS^v)n^:N DrGmq  DrHmq - T DrSmq 0 -92.4 103 + T 198.3 0 T 466 K FOTb(lS^/f(Wؚ)n773K TؚS5 107 NS^.: nK!2< nK!  ! !  ! ! ! ! ! !        '        *                 ! ! ! ! ! !  ! ! ! !    ! ! !     6      8                             H  0޽h ? ___f3f  zr0 (  x  c $tlAP  l R  Hm ?"   HF(g) HCl(g) HBr HI(g) DfGmq /kJmol-1 -273.2 -95.3 -53.4 -11.7 H2 + F2 = 2HF DfGmq3z[ Ee3z['`!k^:N HF(g) >HCl(g) > HBr(g) > HI(g) ` nK! &   4          5        I     H  0޽h ? ___f3f nfP(  ^   f1?F7  (7) ^(upRf[Qpe$ReSTirvv[3z['` STirvDfGJ< 0e STir/f3z[v pe 0:Nck0, DS<0; B. DH>0, DS>0; C. DH<0, DS<0; D. DH<0, DS>0 hm nK! 3                                 $[H  0޽h ? [RIȺ*=zdjV   p(  ^  H8G ?" L N0298K N H2O(g)TH2O(l)vfGqmR+R:N -228.59 kJmol-1T-237.18 kJmol-1,298Ke qT4llS:N3.17kPa, rGqm = 0vǏ z/f A.H2O(l, 101kPa4llS) H2O(g, 101kPa 4llS). B.H2O(l, qT4llS) H2O(g, qT4llS)0 C.H2O(l, 10mmHg4llS) H2O(g,10mmHg4llS)0 D. H2O(l, 4.0kPa4llS) H2O(g, 4.0kPa4llS). ' nK!                               &        &        &              B        @`H  0޽h ? [RIȺ*=zdj |(    H`g ?"MV  VfV0[NNa_sǏ z Ncknxvh/f A. DG = 0, DH = 0, DS = 0; B. DU = 0, DG = 0, DS = 0; C. DS = 0, DH = 0, W = -Q; D. DG > 0, DS = 0, DH = 0  nK!$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$H  0޽h ? [RIȺ*=zdj <(    H ?"} ~N0NUO)n^ NGW^SvǏ z/f A. DH>0, DS<0; B. DH>0, DS>0; C. DH<0, DS<0; D. DH<0, DS>0 pm nK!                                  $[H  0޽h ? [RIȺ*=zdjT   (  \  Hdҡ ?"@- mQ0]w: C(wX)+ O2(g)= CO2(g) DrH1q= -393.5 kJmol-1, CO(g) + 1/2O2(g)= CO2(g) , DrH2 q = -283.0 kJmol-1; RS^C(wX)+ 1/2O2(g) = CO(g) vDrH q = A. -676.5 kJmol-1 ; B. +676.5 kJmol-1 ; C. -110.5 kJmol-1 ; D. +110.5 kJmol-1 W nK!                                                                   l %xH  0޽h ? [RIȺ*=zdjz  * "  (    HXC ?" N0]w.qB.E.(H-H) = 436 kJmol-1, B.E.(Cl-Cl)=243 kJmol-1, B.E.(H-Cl)=431 kJmol-1. RS^H2(g)+Cl2(g)= 2HCl(g) vDH = A. +248 kJmol-1; B. +183 kJmol-1 ; C. -248 kJmol-1 ; D. -183 kJmol-1 00 kQ0 CaCO3(s) = CaO(s) + CO2(g), DH298q = 178.3 kJmol-1, DS298q = 160.4 Jmol-1K-1. dkS^(WhQ` NSSۏLv)n^T A. = 1112K; B. < 1112K; C. = 298K; D. > 1112K y(nK!7 nK!9(nK!` nK!(nK!f nK!                                                                            )  3   $t Rh @`H  0޽h ? [RIȺ*=zdj VN (      H. ?"  (]N0:NNQS}lf>\l, 2ux6R NS^(1)vP SBR, YNx6R NS^(2)vPSBR: (1) CO(g) = C(wX) + 1/2O2(g) , (2) CO(g)+NO(g)= CO2(g)+1/2N2(g) . Ǐ{, NpRf[҉^ċNNNvRR0 ]w298Ke DfHq /kJmol-1: CO(g) -110.5 NO(g) 90.4 CO2(g) 393.5 Sq /Jmol-1K-1: CO(g) 197.6 C(wX) 5.73 O2(g) 205.03 ; NO(g) 210.0 , CO2(g) 213.6 , N2(g) 192 . m nK!?              (                 l= 7 \LH   0޽h ? [RIȺ*=zdjf (  n  Hd ?"M  AS0 NRlcknxv/f A. >epS^/fSv B. S^vDrSmq:Nck

eϑg'Yv/f A. CH4 (g) + 2O2(g) = CO2 (g) + 2H2O(g) B. CH4 (g) + 3/2O2(g) = CO (g) + 2H2O(l) C. CH4 (g) + 2O2(g) = CO2 (g) + 2H2O(l) D. CH4 (g) + 3/2O2(g) = CO (g) + 2H2O(g) (nK!h nK!                                 H  0޽h ? [RIȺ*=zdj0 @ ((   ^  S    l  c $T @  l  H  0޽h ? ̙330 P(  X C    m S  m @  m  H  0޽h ? ̙330 `((  ^ S    m c $8m @  m  H  0޽h ? ̙33H0 pd(  dX dC    m dS dm @  m  H d 0޽h ? ̙33L0 x(  xX xC    m xS #m @  m  H x 0޽h ? ̙33t xp^RЀ3ÿ lHbP  LPÄ!1 4axĐ% y@( XyT0cH!U01T: d;0TD\ L!V~gs Hb"~! D P63^O`]B {YHV(4FjlL9\ofrQ~q~Zէ*(\pȆg <@Y`Ē<n 3fb(0S|P܇=jx$º?]N6{d xR8b߫Al?g~lO}́:bk}Qًƿ3OLg _u+R?Bm_WhIg;l랠kE Q'K/~9}@W;/tutk>'z1T=R{I[eAs֢4{JfNn?p9~왛x6uU;_GP\0F^8JF^FhMeD^z.nZ-]%,|q͏_MI-UU<˹ޟ)~JnU^Qn' I>C!XH I NZ2qD#NmulG):BAXkl ӊcUc{νw6~~{wCÏ= -yLYaf ):Hc1 4DBE+1@ &E #9Qш1x /CL@\ @L 0"_R :hplt.RZGY>~Zv3h/)6הjhiȒ?nep:B=,  H}r>MGrhpY?ɻRiN"$NYTOJ.? 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