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' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T;M%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*T;MD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*TMb%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*TMbD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Tbr%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*TbrD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Tr%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*Tr+8+0+T +(  (R(  (r ( S %Pp  %  ( s *%` <$  0 % Z\SO|, NS g{USSS, N\O g(uR. dU=dQ dW =dQ pdV 5" Wf=0 SO|~SSǏ z0R+g`: dQ=TdS SǏ z: dS= dQ/T 4" dU=TdS pdV (1) N_\ϑ[R`StTSO|qSv[INƖ-NNN*Ne z_-N dke z_/fpRf[,{N[_T,{N[_TTh_0 Pfx5  f,,ff!4  4B ( s *3޽h ? ̙33 ___PPT10.+ TdD' = @B DG' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D^' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(#%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*(#DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(#:%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*(#:D\' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(:J%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*(:JDR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(Jf%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*(JfD\' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(fy%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*(fyDR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(y%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*(y+8+0+(% +. \(  \P \ S #` <$ 0   1upRf[Qpe[IN_TTTh_SNvccQTpRf[QpevhQ_RU\__ NqH:NO dH=d(U+pV) =dU+pdV+Vdp =TdS pdV+pdV+Vdp dH=TdS+Vdp (u{|+B#style.visibility<*\$+%(D' =-6B+checkerboard(across)*<3<*\$+DX' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\+8%(D' =-6B+checkerboard(across)*<3<*\+8DX' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\8K%(D' =-6B+checkerboard(across)*<3<*\8KDX' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\Kc%(D' =-6B+checkerboard(across)*<3<*\KcD' =%(D' =%(DX' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\cp%(D' =-6B+checkerboard(across)*<3<*\cpD' =%(D' =%(DX' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\p%(D' =-6B+checkerboard(across)*<3<*\p+8+0+\ +F >6,(  , , c $hrT<$  0   pRf[V*NW,gsQ|_(GibbssQ|_)Y N: dU=TdS pdV (1) dH=TdS + Vdp (2) dF= SdT pdV (3) dG= SdT+Vdp (4) W,gsQ|_v(uV: {US\SO|,S\OSOyR0hx%L,% '$% ' ,>   B , s *3޽h ? ̙33___PPT10.+ TdD(' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D ' =%(D ' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*,,%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*,,DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*,,B%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*,,BDR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*,BU%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*,BUDR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*,Uh%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*,UhD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*,i%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*,i+8+0+, +\  ^V(    S ή0 P<$ 0  $4W,gsQ|_:N_R_ h:yePvv$Ns^a`pRf[QpeKNvsQ|. sQ|_-NhQ:Nr`Qpe, EeSNSO|vr` gsQ, N_esQ, EeW,gsQ|_S(uNNUOǏ zY+g`vpRf[Qpe+B#style.visibility<*"^%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*"^D' =%(D' =%(DT' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*^%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*^+8+0+ + 0<(  0 0 c $L|\<$  0  lW,gsQ|_[( N/fU0H0FTGvpef[hQ_RU\__0 {USv\SO|, r`S$N*NrzSϑsSSQ[, ُ$N*NSϑSNNa S. NV*NsQ|_v_RSϑSw, [ N Tvr`Qpe, (W\OhQ_RU\_e, SvrzSϑ/f NN7hv U =U(S,V) qTSOy H =H(S,p) qTSR F = F(T,V) )n^TSOy G =G(T,p) )n^TSR juT%%Y%Q$fN      B 0 s *3޽h ? ̙33 ___PPT10.+y[D' = @B D=' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0B%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*0BDj ' =%(D ' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0Bu%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*0BuDR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0u%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*0uDR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*0DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*0DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*0+8+0+0 +$   `f (  `.  ` S  7`<$  0  61uW,glQ_[QvsQ|_ NQ:NOۏLhQ_RU\_: dU=(U/S)V dS+ (U/V)S dV dU=TdS pdV [gq, S_: T= (U/S)V p= (U/V)S 1uW,gsQ|_ScQ NR{|+B#style.visibility<*` %(D' =-6B%barn(outVertical)*<3<*` DR' =A@BBB%B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*`9%(D' =-6B%barn(outVertical)*<3<*`9DR' =A@BBB%B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*`9H%(D' =-6B%barn(outVertical)*<3<*`9HDR' =A@BBB%B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*`HP%(D' =-6B%barn(outVertical)*<3<*`HPDR' =A@BBB%B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*`Pn%(D' =-6B%barn(outVertical)*<3<*`PnDj ' =%(D ' =%(DR' =A@BBB%B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*`n%(D' =-6B%barn(outVertical)*<3<*`nDR' =A@BBB%B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*`%(D' =-6B%barn(outVertical)*<3<*`DR' =A@BBB%B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*`%(D' =-6B%barn(outVertical)*<3<*`DR' =A@BBB%B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*`%(D' =-6B%barn(outVertical)*<3<*`DR' =A@BBB%B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*`%(D' =-6B%barn(outVertical)*<3<*`+8+0+`7 + 0 (    Nx7 1?  p[NU H S F G I{pRf[Qpe SvQrzSϑ bT 1\SNNN*N]wvpRf[QpeBl_@b gvQ[pRf[Qpe N SNbN*NpRf[SO|vs^a'`([hQnx[ Neg0FRn' f & fF' fdF  N7 1?`Z ,$  0 Hُ*N]wQpe1\y:Nyr'`Qpe @b bvrzSϑy:Nyr'`Qpevyr_Sϑ0d%n #$'$#$'$#$ %  N7 1? r,$  0 b8^(uvyr_Sϑ:N G(T,p) F(T,V) S(H,p) U(S,V) H(S,p).2n # '',d H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10+.kD' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DD' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-s6Bwipe(left)*<3<*D' =%(D' =%(DD' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-s6Bwipe(left)*<3<*+p+0+7 ++0+7 +!   0\ (    N7 1?d DYNyr'`QpeGSvQyr_SϑT p BlH U F SI{Qpevh_0#n# & # & # # & #    ZA ? 1?8 $@  0  ZA ? 1?P 8 $D  0  Zg7 1?0X,$ 0 P[Qn#   ZA ? 1?E8 $@  0  ZA  ? 1? p8  $@  0l p  p ,$@ 0  ZA  ? 1? w P   t   0 A  ?? p   l  `   ` ,$@ 0   ZA  ? 1?< Q   t   0 A ?? `  l  <`  <`,$D  0    `A %? 1?N 9  %z   6 A ?? <` H  0޽h ? ̙33WO___PPT10/+^D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D&' =%(D' =%(D7' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-s6Bwipe(left)*<3<*D7' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-s6Bwipe(left)*<3<*D' =%(DG' =%(D' =A@BBB B0B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*D7' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-s6Bwipe(left)*<3<*D7' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-s6Bwipe(left)*<3<*DG' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*DG' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*DG' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*+8+0+7 +R   bZ4(  4r 4 S %`@  % F 4 s *! <$  0 % YCQQpevؚ6_FUNBl[vy^esQ: N u=u(x,y) ShQ_R du=(u/x)ydx + (u/y)xdy =Mdx +Ndy 5" 2u/xy= 2u/yx 4" M/y=N/x(Vs $f ((((((((((((((((((( B 4 s *3޽h ? ̙33___PPT10p.+/]D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*4+8+0+4! + @f(  .  S  7<$ 0 7 OY dU=TdS pdV T= (U/S)V p= (U/V)S 2U/SV= 2U/VS (U/S)V/V= (U/V)T/S S_ (T/V)S= (p/S)Vu(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((($,, ,,   H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10.5f+ D&' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<*D' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*-%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<*-D' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*-A%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<*-AD' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*A[%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<*A[D8' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*[`%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<*[`D@' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*`u%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<*`u+8+0+7 +: 2*@h(  h h S ,`<$  0 7 \ NsQ|Џ(uNpRf[W,gsQ|_: (T/V)S= (p/S)V (9) (T/p)S = (V/S)p (10) (S/V)T = (p/T)V (11) (S/p)T = (V/T)p (12) N NV*NsQ|_O/fMaxwellsQ|_, 1uُNsQ|_, SNcQY g(uvpRf[lQ_, N, ǏKQesQ|_SNNfKmϑcQKm[vϑ.xJ$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$ $I2   H h 0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10.+ TdD(' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D ' =%(D ' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h/%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*h/DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h/U%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*h/UDR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*hUy%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*hUyDR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*hy%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*hyD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*h+8+0+h7 +   8x(  8r 8 S L !`  !  8 s *!p` P<$  0 ! (O1: fir(I{Sp[TI{[p[KNn NRsQ|: Cp Cv=T(V/T)p(p/T)V f Cp CV=(H/T)p (U/T)V =T(S/T)p T(S/T)V =T[(S/T)p (S/T)V] (1) la Cp= (dQ/T)p CV= (dQ/T)V dH=Qp=TdS dU=QV=TdS        B 8 s *3޽h ? ̙33___PPT10p.+/]D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*8+8+0+8! +B( P d(    S 6, P<$  0 , BlSvhQ_RS=S(T,V) dS= (S/T)VdT+ (S/V)TdV =(S/T)VdT +(S/V)T[(V/T)pdT+(V/p)Tdp] dS=[(S/T)V+ (S/V)T(V/T)p] dT + (S/V)T(V/p)T dp 2) S SvrzSϑ:N S=S(T,p) BlSvhQ_R dS= (S/T)p dT+ (S/p)T dp 3)y-  l M  M ,$D  02  Bi,ԔM  > 2  Bl,Ԕ  > $  C BCDE4FAԔ Sb%z>{DE{talN @    S" fvl t  G,$D  0f2  6Ԕt f2   6Ԕ    C BCDELF$AAԔ8q{87*EnSj5$h@      H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10.+DD' = @B DI' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*y%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*yD' =%(D' =%(DE' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*z%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*zD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*DQ' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*DG' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<* +8+0+, +_( ` h(  ,  S \.' <$ 0 , ~k(2)_T(3)_S_RMRv|pe: (S/T)p=(S/T)V+ (S/V)T(V/T)p 4" (S/T)p (S/T)V =(S/V)T(V/T)p 4) 1uKQesQ|_ (S/V)T = (p/T)V \dk_T(4)_NeQ(1)_: Cp Cv=T(V/T)p(p/T)V k.xffffff,,,,,,,,,,,j   l F   F ,$D  0@  F   F   0pu'6 F0  ^Cp/T> 2f2  633Ԕ c N  F   F    0@8'6 F0  ^CV/T> 2f2  633Ԕ c f2   6ԔFMZmf2   6Ԕ ?8   c BE CnDELF$AAo"D[ryjL/kF5f E n@      "`+mp >   s BE CnDELF$o"D[ryjL/kF5f E n@      "`  H  0޽h ? ̙33/'___PPT10.+bTD' = @B Db' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DT' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*>%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*>D' =%(D' =%(DT' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*>i%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*>iD' =%(D' =%(DT' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*jt%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*jtD' =%(D' =%(DT' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*tD' =%(D' =%(DT' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*DQ' =%(D' =%(DT' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*DE' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<* D' =%(D' =%(DT' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*+8+0+' +& z r p< (  < < c $R'P<$  0 ' pO2: Ջf: (U/V)T=T(p/T)V p : gpRf[W,gsQ|_: dU=TdS pdV (WI{)nagN N[QUBl_FU: (U/V)T=T(S/V)T p (1) 1uKQesQ|_: (S/V)T=(p/T)V (2) \(2)_NeQ(1)_, _: (U/V)T=T(p/T)V p    (f$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$ $((( (((      $l g6 c < gc,,$D   02 < B'f3Ԕg6 W  > 2 < B'f3Ԕ Ic > ( < c B~CDE@F AAo9r&-T4%-@55n[$QTg~ @     "`jV IB < s *3޽h ? ̙33___PPT10.+ !D' = @B DJ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<-%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*<-D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<-;%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*<-;D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<;J%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*<;JD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<Jf%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*<JfD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<fp%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*<fpD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<p%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*<pD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*<D;' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*<D1' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<%(D' =-m6Bbox(in)*<3<*<+8+0+<' +0 JB(    S И'``<$ 0 ' 2\N N~g^(uNt`lSO: t`lSOr`e z pV=nRT (U/V)T=T(p/T)V p =T((nRT/V)/T)V p =T(nR) /V p =p p =0 Ee_t`lSOvQUNSOyesQ. 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