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N_:NNlSO[_vb__: pf(V)=RT f(V)/fVvNaޏ~Qpe,Ջf: Q gNdke zvlSO g:(U/V)T=0? : glQ_: (U/V)T=T(p/T)V p (1) 1u~agN: p=RT/f(V) (p/T)V=R/f(V) (2) \(2)_NeQ(1)_: (U/V)T=TR/f(V) p=p p=0 k.7      H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10.+n\_D`' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*E%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*ED' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*FP%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*FPD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Pp%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*PpD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*pw%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*pwD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*w%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*wD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*+8+0+- +@$ 1 4    r(   r  c $pK-tkL<$D  0 - jO5. 400KvR`)ni O4000Jvpϑ~sX(300K),BlDS? : DS= DSSO+DSs DSSO=QR/TSO=-4000/400=-10 J/K DSs=-Q/Ts=4000/300=13.33 J/K DS=DSSO+DSs=3.33 J/K>0 :N NSǏ z. dk^NS_Bl{,S_S:NV:  .      BL:-o ` PO|  (^  6Ԕ U 8   6m-} @*  J400K 2  ^  6PPԔS z6 ^  6fԔT  7 ^  6ԔT & V 7 ^  6ԔS | 6 ^  6ԔT 7   6`-k   Y 300K+dT  2  ^ ! 6fԔ V M9  # 6$- 5$0  b400K-dT  2  ^ ' 6ffԔ U 2b8  ) 6<*- j   K300K  2  ^B + 6DfԔ @@ dB , @ <ZDfԔp p dB - @ <ZDfԔp @` p dB . @ <ZDfԔp p dB / @ <ZDfԔp p dB 0 @ <ZDfԔp `p dB 1 @ <ZDfԔp p H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10.+n\_DB' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* &%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<* &D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* ':%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<* ':D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* :Y%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<* :YD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* Yz%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<* YzD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* z%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<* zD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<* +8+0+ - + p h T (  Tl   T ,$D  0` T 0fԔ ` T 0fԔH  2 T <P-Ԕ  (fB T 6DԔ fB T 6DԔ    T 0H-0 ( d4000J Sp O[ 2   T 0-H ` 4  K3000J 2 fB  T 6DfԔ    T 0- ( L1000J  2 "  T # BCDEXF(Ԕ `0P0`Ppp0P@@        `   T 0- | xP  <xdup 2 T 0L-X  J300K 2  T 0-p D K400K  2 H T 0޽h ? ̙33G?___PPT10+siD' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DE' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*T+v% 6.$(  $ $ c $Ը-hln<$D  0 - O6. O2vl`e z:N: pV(1-bp)=nRT b=-0.00094, Bl(W273K N,\0.5mol O2N10*N'YlSM1*N'YlSvDG? : dT=0 DG=+"Vdp V=nRT/p(1-bp) DG=+"nRT/p(1-bp)dp=nRT+"[1/p(1-bp)]dp =nRT+"[1/p+b/(1-bp)]dp=nRT[+"dp/p++"b/(1-bp)dp] DG=nRT[ln(p2/p1)-ln(1-bp2)/(1-bp1)] =0.58.314273[ln1/10-ln(1-bp2)/(1-bp1)] =-2604 J dkǏ zvDG=-2604J H &.$%    & H $ 0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10.+n\_D`' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$N%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*$ND' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$O`%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*$O`D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$`p%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*$`pD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$p%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*$pD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*$D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*$D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$#%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*$#D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$#5%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*$#5D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$5H%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*$5H+8+0+$- +"3   (J (  (  ( c $C&|v<$D  0 - zO7. 'Ylv)n^GWS:NT,zzlRP[ϑ:NM,Bl'YlSRpNؚ^hvsQ|? : N1id\zzlNhYS0WM0Rwms^b(h0=0). N(WhY'YlSR:Np, wms^bv'YlSR:Np0. 5" dT=0, SO|:Nt`lSO, t`lSOI{)nǏ zvqS:N: DSSO=Rln(p1/p2)=Rln(p/p0) (W NMǏ z-N,SO|v͑RRhQS:Np O~hTVsX: DSs=-Q/T=mgh/T (sX8Tp:Nck) V:NdkǏ z/fNSǏ z,Ee g: DS;`=DSSO+DSs=nRln(p/p0)+mgh/T=0 ln(p/p0)=-mgh/nRT=-Mgh/RT p/p0=exp[-Mgh/RT] p=p0e-Mgh/RT dksS:NBoltzmannؚ^R^_.^;(          H ( 0޽h ? ̙33))___PPT10(.+n\_D(' = @B DC(' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*()%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*()D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*()E%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*()ED' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(E`%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*(E`D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(`b%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*(`bD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(b%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*(bD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*(D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*(D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*(D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*(D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*(D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*($%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*($D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*($8%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*($8D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(8^%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*(8^+8+0+(- +: '',*(  , , c $'&S<$D  0 & &O8. NGWSFgNzv)n^:NT1,SNzv)n^:NT2,BlFgv)n^0Rs^aT,dkǏ zvDS, v^fDS>0? : YV: ~PWh:N)n^T,*jPWh:NFgv^x. T2>T1,(WRYe;R,Fgv )n^HT~'`R^,EeFg NNaYvRY)n^:N: TR=T1+(T2-T1)/L0x (1)'f/f 'f/f'f f$ "    z  bh ,  ,$D 0` , 0Ԕ <E`B , 0D 0 `B , 0D ZB , s *D  ZB , s *Dfo M ZB  , s *DLLZB  ,B s *D <Z  , s *F  , 0c&W iB nT1> 2      , 0l;&b nT2> 2     , 08& 5  nT2> 2     , 0P& 1  nT1> 2     , 0l&L oL0 > 2     , 0&{wf$ Vdx 2  , 08&z Kx 2   , 0&g R K0 2   , 0T&}Gh KL 2   , 0` & nL0> 2    ZB , s *D lB , <D   , 0pr&u `5 nT1> 2    N y  , ) lB , <D  , 0w&y   T2-T1` 2      ZB , s *D  lB , <D   9 , 0~& 87   (T2-T1)x/L0  2       `2 , 0 o `2  , 0  `2 !, 0)tQ`2 ", 0 `2 #, 0  `2 $, 0`2 %, 09a`2 &, 09 a  ', 0 $\ ,$D  0 00Rps^aT,Fg NYYv)n^v T,GW:N: T+g=(T1+T2)/2 BlDS: V:NFgvRY)n^/fYY Nv Tv, g~)n^S/fYYv Tv,EeFg NkNpv)n^SS Nv T,EekN\kvqS Nv T. (W{te*NFgv;`qSe,{[kN\kFgBlvQqS,6qT[te*NFgۏLyR,vQyR~gMb/fFgv;`qS. 2r       H , 0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10.+HvDA' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*,8%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*,8D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*,8x%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*,8xD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*,x%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*,xD' =%(D' =%(D3' =4@BB BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*,%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*,D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*',%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*',D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*',%%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*',%D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*',%*%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*',%*D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*',*e%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*',*eD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*',e%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*',e+p+0+,$ ++0+',$ +J 0(  0h 0 c $Pq$``l<$D  0 $ Fg NN\kdxvqS:N: dS=+"CpdT/T=+"Cp0rAdxdlnT Adx=dV Cp0:USMO(ϑvp[ =Cp0rAdxln[((T1+T2)/2)/(T1+(T2-T1)x/L0)] te*NFgvqS:NdSvyR: DS=+"dS=+"Cp0rA[ln((T1+T2)/2)-ln(T1+(T2-T1)x/L0)]dx =Cp0rAln((T1+T2)/2)L0-Cp0rA+"ln(T1+(T2-T1)x/L0)(L0/(T2-T1))d(T1+(T2-T1)x/L0) =Cpln((T1+T2)/2)-Cp/(T2-T1)+"y1y2lnydy y=T1+(T2-T1)x/L0 y1=T1 y2=T2 +"lnydy=y2(lny2-1)-y1(lny1-1)=T2(lnT2-1)-T1(lnT1-1) DS=Cp[ln((T1+T2)/2)-1/(T2-T1)(T2(lnT2-1)-T1(lnT1-1)) =Cp[ln((T1+T2)/2)-((T2lnT2-T1lnT1)-(T2 -T1))/(T2-T1)] =Cp[ln((T1+T2)/2) (T2lnT2-T1lnT1)/(T2-T1) + 1] (2) (2)_sS:NFgqSvpef[h_. fqS'YN: N: A= ln((T1+T2)/2) (T2lnT2-T1lnT1)/(T2-T1) + 1 fA>0,R_ gDS>0.        . | &)J$/ %   H 0 0޽h ? ̙33.2&2___PPT102.+n\_D1' = @B Da1' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0 %(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*0 D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0 =%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*0 =D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0=m%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*0=mD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0n|%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*0n|D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0|%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*0|D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*0D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0+%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*0+D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0+M%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*0+MD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0M%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*0MD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*0D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*0D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0-%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*0-D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0-?%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*0-?D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0@I%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*0@ID' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0I{%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*0I{D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0{%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*0{+8+0+0$ +K ph4(  4 4 c $g"dc}<$D  0 $ 0JA= ln((T1+T2)/2) (T2lnT2-T1lnT1)/(T2-T1)+1 =ln((T1+T2)/2)+(T1lnT1-T2lnT2)/(T2-T1)+1 =ln((T1+T2)/2)+(T1lnT1-T2lnT2+T2lnT1-T2lnT1)/(T2-T1)+1 =ln((T1+T2)/2)-lnT1+T2/(T2-T1)ln(T1/T2)+1 =ln((T1+T2)/2T1)+T2/(T2-T1)ln(T1/T2)+1 N: a=(T1-T2)/(T2+T1) ln((T1+T2)/2T1)=-ln(2T1/(T1+T2))=-ln(1+a) A=-ln(1+a)+T2/(T2-T1)ln(T1/T2)+1 (3) (uv{|+B#style.visibility<*4+%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*4+D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4+W%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*4+WD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4W%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*4WD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*4D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*4D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4+%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*4+D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4+U%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*4+UD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4Ue%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*4UeD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4e%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*4eD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*4D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*4D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*4D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4*%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*4*D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4*7%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*4*7D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*47k%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*47kD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4k%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*4kD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*4+8+0+4$ +; 8(  8 8 c $hs:dk <$D  0 $ L ln(1+a)=a-a2/2+a3/3-a4/4+a5/5-a6/6+& (8) ln(1-a)=-a-a2/2-a3/3-a4/4-a5/5-a6/6 -& (9) (1/a)ln(1+a)=1-a/2+a2/3-a3/4+a4/5-a5/6+& (10) (1/a)ln(1-a)=-1-a/2-a2/3-a3/4-a4/5-a5/6-& (11) \(8)-(11)_NeQ(7)_: 2A=(-a+a2/2-a3/3+a4/4-a5/5+a6/6-& )+(a+a2/2+a3/3+a4/4+a5/5+a6/6 +& ) +(-1+a/2-a2/3+a3/4-a4/5+a5/6-& )+(-1-a/2-a2/3-a3/4-a4/5-a5/6-& )+2 A=(a2/2+a4/4+a6/6 +& )-(a2/3+a4/5+a6/7+& ) =a2(1/2-1/3)+a4(1/4-1/5)+a6(1/6-1/7)+& +a2n(1/2n-1/(2n+1))+& 5" a2,a4& a2nGW>0 N N_-N݄rbS-NvyGW'YN 4" A>0 5" Cp>0 4" DS=ACp>0 k.  #$%        2'/+*H 8 0޽h ? ̙33,,___PPT10+.+n\_D+' = @B DM+' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8-%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*8-D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8-]%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*8-]D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8]%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*8]D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*8D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*8D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*8D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8d%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*8dD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8d%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*8dD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*8D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*8D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*8D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*8D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*8D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8 %(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*8 +8+0+80 +xJ 7/ @<(  <  < c $i(c <$  0 " <O9. fIQS/fX[(Wv. f: YV,Nt`[: gўSOATB,)n^R+R:NT1TT2,NT1>T2. C:NޏcATBv~pwzzWR{,R{vQXGW:Nt`SIQb. R{-N gSnRv~ps^bMTN,vQzbGW:Nt`SIQb. t`[vekY N: (1) \M'}4A,NR{-NyQN,OC-NEQnўSOBv\,sSIQ,󁾏0R \s^a. (2) Q\NceQ'}4BvMOn,bMyQR{Y,\NTAyR,vNA'}[v4 :Nbk. (WdkǏ z-N,SegEQnC-NvBv\hQA8T6e, TeC-NSEQ nNBv\. (3) \MceQ'}4BvMOn,yQN,͑ YY NKb~. ',f%r       v\ ) .<# 3 # ,$@   0f /< 63ow\ ) 0< 0Y:v   KM 2   v\ ) 1<# 1 S  ,$D   0f 2< 63ow\ ) 3< 0t(:v   KN 2  Hz {i  4< i 6,$D 0T O  5<# { ` 6< 0>O g` 7< 0>q N wL c$ 8< wL c$ZB 9< s *DԔwL cL ZB :< s *DԔw$c$ ;< 0:|   dA T12 2     << 0$+:{   dB T22 2     =< 0:yi @   XWR{C 2 z v\ ) >< ) `  ,$D  0f ?< 63ow\ ) @< 0j(v   KM 2  B < s *޽h ? ̙3377___PPT107.+ Da7' = @B D7' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*<D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<'%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*<'D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<'%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*<'D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*<D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*<D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*<D' =%(D' =%(DG' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4<%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*4<D' =%(D' =%(D1' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*.<%(D' =-m6Bbox(in)*<3<*.<D1' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*1<%(D' =-m6Bbox(in)*<3<*1<Dd' =%(D ' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D ' =+4 8?XCB ppt_xBCB ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*1<D' =+4 8?`CB ppt_yBCB1+ppt_h/2B*Y3>B ppt_y<*1<D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*1<%(Dn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*1<%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*1<D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*1<Dd' =%(D ' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D ' =+4 8?XCB ppt_xBCB ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*.<D' =+4 8?`CB ppt_yBCB1+ppt_h/2B*Y3>B ppt_y<*.<D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*.<%(D' =%(D' =%(D-' =4@BB#BB%()?)?D' =.I7 BBBBB[M 1.38889E-6 1.99815E-6 L -0.32031 -0.00116 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=@0BBAApBB$BD5<*1<Dn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*><%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*><D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*><Dd' =%(D ' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D ' =+4 8?XCB ppt_xBCB ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*1<D' =+4 8?`CB ppt_yBCB1+ppt_h/2B*Y3>B ppt_y<*1<D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*1<%(D' =%(D' =%(D1' =4@BB#BB%()?)?D' =.M7 BBBBB_M -3.33333E-6 -2.93247E-6 L -0.31909 -0.00023 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=@0BBAApBB`#B[r<*><+8+0+<" + @(  @X @ c $(`P<$D  0 ( YdkS Y N],NO)nўSOBvϑOeklyؚ)nўSOA, evQ[SS. sSp1uNO)nirSOꁨRAmTؚ)nirSO l gYu Nu. N~ݏ̀NpRf[,{N[_,fvQc g. V:N(WQs^bNBTAyRe,:Nl gSR, N\OR,sS:N\sSIQl gSR@b_wv. SKN,f,}6qWR{/fwzzv,Nl giddR,FOS_s^b1uBTAyRe,YLuSbIQ\vSR \OR,ُMbOOpϑNNO)nirSOAmTؚ)nirSO. N Nt`[fIQS/f_6qX[(Wv. Ff''fs' H @ 0޽h ? ̙33  ___PPT10 .+n\_D. ' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*@;%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*@;D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*@<%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*@<D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*@%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*@D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*@%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*@+8+0+@( +( TLD(  D D c $(X p<$D  0 ( 0O10. f: U=-T2((F/T)/T)V H=-T2((G/T)/T)p f: -T2((F/T)/T)V=-T2(1/T(F/T)V  F/T2) =-T(F/T)V+F =TS+F=U (F/T)V=-S -T2((G/T)/T)p=-T2(1/T(G/T)p G/T2) =-T(G/T)p+G =TS+G=H (G/T)p=-S k.       " "@     H D 0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10.+n\_Dj' = @B D%' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*D#%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*D#D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*D#<%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*D#<D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*D<@%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*D<@D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*D@i%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*D@iD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Di%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*DiD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*D%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*DD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*D%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*DD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*D%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*DD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*D%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*DD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*D%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*D+8+0+D( +x   H(  H H S ( <$D  0 ( NO11. \Nstt>eeQwzz[hV-N,t-N\eQ 1mol4l(101325Pa,373K), wzz[hVvQSO yR}YS[~1mol4ll(101325Pa,373K), Octe*NSO|v)n^:N373K,\tQ4xT,4lhQ S:N4ll. 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(2) $RedkǏ z/f&T:NSǏ z? ]w: 4l(W101325Pa,373KagN NvSp/f 40668.5 J.mol-1 ."7q&NB        H H 0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10p.+(D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*H%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*H+8+0+H( +, 8 0 0L(  L L S q*<$D  0 (  : (1) dkǏ zvY+g`(W~agN NSvs^a, 1ur`Qpev'`(, dkǏ zvr`Qpev9eS+B#style.visibility<*LW%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*LWD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*LWq%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*LWqD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Lq%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*LqD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*L%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*LD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*L%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*LD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*L%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*LD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*L%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*LD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*L%%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*L%D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*L%?%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*L%?D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*L?_%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*L?_D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*L_%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*L_+8+0+L( +N "@P(  Pz P S ,*`p<$D  0 * (2) }6qdkǏ zY+g`v)n^SRv T FO(WۏLǏ z-NSO|vSRYN^s^ar` @bN NƉ:NI{)nI{SǏ z Ee N(u T^e1u\O:N$Rnc0 (uq:N$Rnc D SsX = Q[/T = 37567/373 = 100.72 J.K-1 D S;` = D SsX + DSSO| = 109.03 100.72 = 8.31 J.K-1 > 0 dkǏ z:NNSǏ z0 :P0 N   H P 0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10.+n\_DL' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*PE%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*PED' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*PEN%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*PEND' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*PNl%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*PNlD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Pl%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*PlD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*PD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*PD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*P+8+0+P* + P\(  \R \ 6`*0 jO12. lSOvr`e z:N pVmRT bp SO |vY`:Np10T1 ~~pwzzT0R +g` SR:Np20ՋBldkǏ zvQ, WT SO|vDU, DH, DS, DF, DGT+g`)n^T2? v^$RedkǏ zveT'` c:yBl [U/V]T  5" ~p 4" Q0 5" wzz 4" W0 DU = Q W = 0 (2                                      F  H \ 0޽h ? 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