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'6&66  n(vhQ`$fn(vhQ`(2) & f ,{mQ znmvOpe'` %    nBRlpGSؚ($$    nmvnS,& 3& 3P  ` ` ̙33` 333MMM` ff3333f` f` f` 3>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> n(    6$ P  :USQdkYkHrh7h_   04   r8USQdkYkHre,g7h_ ,{N~ ,{ N~ ,{V~ ,{N~   0  ``  X*  0 `   Z*  00 `   Z*T  <2޽h ? ̙33  ؞!jg  P(  r  S |N    H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10i.֓}+D=' = @B +Z  H@0 (   x  c $``      s *>p<$  0  t`znm[IN: xA!1; "xi!0 vnmy:Nt`znm. t`znmv'`(: nBR: gNbLN\[_; n(: gNN)R[_. znm/fSf[S^-N8^vSO|.[EnmS_vQSm^ePzʑe,GWSƉ:Nt`znm.s $$$$$$ $$($   H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10.+LbD2' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D\' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<* DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* $%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<* $D' =%(D^' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* $.%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<* $.DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* .=%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<* .=DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* =K%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<* =KD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* Ks%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<* Ks+8+0+  + |t@H (  H H S h <$  0  B1. nBRvSf[R: V:Nt`znmvnBR gNbLN\[_,@bNvQ'`(TL:NNt`nmvv T,Eet`znmnBRvSf[RwQ gTt`nm~RSf[Rv Tvh_: mA= mA*(T,p)+RTlnxA (1) _-N mA*(T,p):~nBR,T,p NvS`Sf[R.@ '0F$0f0f0f0f0f 0f0f0f0$$$$$$  H H 0޽h ? ̙33  ___PPT10 .+ouD~ ' = @B D9 ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(D>' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*H N%(D' =-m6Bbox(in)*<3<*H NDz' =%(D"' =%(D>' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*HOk%(D' =-m6Bbox(in)*<3<*HOkD>' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Hko%(D' =-m6Bbox(in)*<3<*HkoD>' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Ho%(D' =-m6Bbox(in)*<3<*Ho+8+0+H + zrP (    c $(`<$  0  :p2. n(vSf[R: 1uA,B~bt`znm,B:Nn(. S_dknmNlvs^ae,n(Bvl,m$NvvSf[RvI{: mB(l)=mB(g)=mB0(T)+RTln(pB/p0) 1uN)R[_: pB=kxxB NeQ N_: mBsol=mB0(T)+RTln(kxxB/p0) =mB0(T)+RTln(kx/p0)+RTlnxB H ',4$$$$$$$ $$$$$ fffffff(((((( (((((( ((( ((((((^   H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10.+ TdD' = @B DQ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D\' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<* DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*<D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<]%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*<]D\' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*]f%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*]fDR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*fq%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*fqD' =%(D^' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*qw%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*qwDR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*w%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*wDR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*+8+0+ +H `Lj(  L2 L S K P<$ 0  N mBo(T)= mB0(T)+RTln(kx/p0) t`znmn(vSf[Rh_:N: mB=mBo(T)+RTlnxB (2) mBo(T): S`Sf[R t`znmn(vS`ĉ[:N: ~n(,xB=1,N gNN)R[_vZb`. n(vS`(W[E N/f NX[(Wv.znmvn(S/f(WxB_\eMb gNN)R[_,dkS`/fGP[nmSm^_Sm,N0RxBяN1e,nmN gNN)R[_,ُ/fN NX[(WvZb`.$f$f$f$f$f$f $f$f$f$f$f,,,,, ,,, $  V        H L 0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10.+kD' = @B DI' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(Dd' =%(DT' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*L0%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*L0DT' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*L0H%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*L0HDT' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*LHW%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*LHWD' =%(Dd' =%(DT' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*LWg%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*LWgDT' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Lg}%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*Lg}DT' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*L}%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*L}+8+0+L +,  0(#.p(  ~  s *d   l Rz MG,$D 0lB  <DolB  <DoUlB  <DoPP  0dN GB 2   0R  GA 2    0Ԉz a Gp 2 ^l    &X,$D  0D@    $    # B0 CDELF$3Ԕ-}ZJv^$2Dtld2PRn70 @          6,   _  l B}lSf~ 2 @  % x % % xlB  <DԔ % x  6* 1  dt`nmv}lS 2 &ll "  !E ,$D  0  0 g  cpB*2 2    0D GW 2 f2  6f3f3o"}< l s #FQ,$D  0rB  BDԔs  6D\.9(  p=kXxBL 2   el "q "jD,$@ 0   0`Pq bkX2 2     0\Gcw GR 2 `2  0f3f3o"\}l 4  *4 ,$D 0 ' 08   Jt`nmhQ` (2&3f2 ( 6o  ( ) c BCzDE@F AAozxGDd&P5Wjq}8 @     "`4 z 4  + ,$D 0 , 0/   Jn(v hQ` (2&3f2 - 6o  . . s BCzDE@F ozxGDd&P5Wjq}8 @     "`4 B  s *޽h ? ff̙ffyq___PPT10Q.+D)' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DK' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-6B+checkerboard(across)*<3<*D' =%(D' =%(DE' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*&%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*&D' =%(D' =%(D1' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*!%(D' =-m6Bbox(in)*<3<*!D' =%(D' =%(DG' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<**%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<**D:' =%(D' =%(D;' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*"%(D' =-w6Bdiamond(out)*<3<*"DG' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*+%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*+D' =%(D' =%(DA' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*#%(D' =-}6B!strips(upRight)*<3<*#+   pn (  6   c $(#`p xZ$  0  X___PPT1080___PPT9 n(؏SǑ(uvQ[Sm^USMO. (u(ϑid\Sm^h:yn(vSf[R: pB=kmmB mB=mB0+RTln(pB/p0) =mB0+RTln((kmmB/p0)(m0/m0)) =mB0+RTln(kmm0/p0)+RTln(mB/m0) mB=mB+RTln(mB/m0) (3) mB= mB0+RTln(kmm0/p0) (4) mB: n(vS`Sf[R. S`: mB=1mol.kg-1, N gNN)R[_vZb`.`n n$         $$((       H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10p.+/]D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*+8+0+  + * " (    c $#h<$  0   (uir(vϑSm^h:yn(vSf[R: pB=kccB mB=mB0+RTln(pB/p0) =mB0+RTln((kccB/p0)(c0/c0)) =mB0+RTln(kcc0/p0)+RTln(cB/c0) mB=mB%+RTln(cB/c0) (3) mB%= mB0+RTln(kcc0/p0) (4) mB%: n(vS`Sf[R. S`: mB=1mol.L-1, N gNN)R[_vZb`. xx               H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10p.+/]D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*+8+0+  +)  PH (   ~  s *A   h  4   #  L  ,$D  0    BCDE@F 3jJIr$NR4P0 xl@D  @          0C4 4  lBv[E}lSf~ 2    8   # L  ,$D  0`B  0D @8    0kY   gNN)R[_p = kmmBB 2    q    #  ,$D 0fB   6D ` fB   6D     s *X  Em 2    s * b (  E0 2    s * @  Ep 2    s *o ,$  0 ~V-N~~/fBv}lSf~ 2 (c h   #  h ,$D 0$N     h Z2   s * 4 + c fB   6D d  fB  B 6D L L    s *  `mB=1.0, 2     s *   \km, 2     s *܈ |l  ER 2 <  s */L 8,$ 0 6n(Sm^h:y:N(ϑid\Sm^e,n(vhQ`1uRph:y. 2:  s *u|8 X ,$ 0 hRp/fGPn(BvSm^I{N1.0me,N gNN)R[_@b_0RvYcp,[E Nv^ NX[(Wdkr`,[/fNZb`.5 25L#B  s *޽h ? ff̙ff91___PPT10.+5DA' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(D3' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<* D{' =%(D#' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* D' =%(D' =%(DA' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =-}6B!strips(upRight)*<3<* D' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* D' =%(D' =%(D3' =4@BB BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* D' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* D' =%(D' =%(DA' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =-}6B!strips(upRight)*<3<* ++0+  ++0+  ++0+  +  rj$(  $x $ c $|Ww<   J $ s *Tex0<<$  0  t`znmwQ gN{|Nn(yr'`esQv'`( y:NOpe'`0 Ope'`(colligative properties):pe

+B#style.visibility<*$%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*$D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$G%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*$GD ' =%(D ' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$GR%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*$GRDR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$RZ%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*$RZDR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$Zb%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*$ZbDR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$bj%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*$bj+8+0+$ + `(  n  3 A i, U 0  6xE  p7Wc  nBRQVp NM pQR;u‰ w ,$f3 &f3H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10.K}+ޜDh' = @B D'  =0BcancelBubble@BA?%<(<*%<(<*_%(D' =%(D' =%(D9' =4@BBBB%(D' =2u;BtogglePause*<3<*D'  = B`B?<*%(/%,( < +/%,( < +)?+?  dn(  d6 d 6 V,$D 0 N. QVpMNO(freezing-point lowering): znmvQVpk~nBRvQVpNO.(nm-NgQvVv:N~nBR)  N[SR N,nmNV`~nBRs^a: mA,s=mAsol=mA*(T,p)+RTlnxA 5" m*=Gm(l) (~ir() 4" DfusG= mA* mAs QqSǏ zvDG = RTlnxA DG/T= RlnxA Zr#&$  f (((((((( (( $$$$$$$$$$$$  $ $ $ $ $  R   H d 0޽h ? ̙33 ___PPT10.̷o+r}D' = @B Dp' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DG' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d$D%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*d$DD' =%(D' =%(D3' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*dDZ%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<*dDZD3' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*dZx%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<*dZxD' =%(D' =%(D;' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*dx%(D' =-w6Bdiamond(out)*<3<*dxD' =%(D7' =%(DE' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*dDE' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*dDE' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*d+g xl(  x4 x S 2q<<$D 0   [/T(DG/T)]p= R(lnxA/T)p= DH/T2 4" (lnxA/T)p=DH/RT2 [ N_yR: +"dlnxA=+"DH/RT2dT (WI{SagN N lnxA=DH/R( 1/T)| N N= DH/R(1/Tf 1/Tf*) = DHDT/(RTfTf*) DT=Tf* Tf > 0 [Nznm: xA!1; xB!0 lnxA=ln(1 xB) H" xBD0xhx*     $$$$$$$        H x 0޽h ? ̙333+___PPT10 .ѷ jF+r}D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DG' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x%<%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*x%<DN' =%(D' =%(DK' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x=D%(D' =-6B+checkerboard(across)*<3<*x=DDK' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*xD\%(D' =-6B+checkerboard(across)*<3<*xD\D.' =%(D' =%(D;' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x\%(D' =-w6Bdiamond(out)*<3<*x\D;' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x%(D' =-w6Bdiamond(out)*<3<*xDF' =%(D' =%(DG' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*xDG' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*x+$   (( (  (  ( c $ "2hpp<$  0 2 X 6 NeQ N_,_: xB=DfusHm(DT/RTfTf*)H"DfusHmDTf/R(Tf*)2 DTf=R(Tf*)2/DfusHm xB (1) H"R(Tf*)2/DfusHm (nB/nA) =MAR(Tf*)2/DfusHm (nB/WA)=mB DTf=KfmB (2) Kf=R(Tf*)2/DfusHmMA (3) Kf:nBRQVpMNO8^pe(cryoscopic constant);USMO: K.kg.mol-1 . Kfv+B#style.visibility<*( 5%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*( 5D' =%(D^' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(5T%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*(5TDR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(Tu%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*(TuDR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(u%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*(uD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*(D' =%(D^' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*(+8+0+(2 +:  $$0_(  0~ 0 s *p `{    4,  0# g _ ,$D  0lB 0 <DԔ4h  0 05'X ,  bp = p*xA, 2   X   0# ( S ,$D 0lB 0 <Do0 lB 0 <Do0 0 fB  0 6DԔ\D   0 06} n  Kp*(T) 2   0 s *dl<   GT 2   0 s *'Xt, Gp 2 ^ $    0# W  ,$D 0Z2 0 s *x l lB 0 <Do  < lB 0B <Dol  0 s *d<   \Tb, 2   0 s *$   \p0, 2    H  0# { ,$D 0Z2 0 s *x t lB 0B <Dol  0 s *H Ep 2 =    0# < ,$D   0,N  l  0  OZ2 0 s * l lB 0 <Do  yN P |  0 \ lB 0 <Do  0  0 s *P  |  ET 2  (  0# 4 7 ,$D   0fB 0 6D3o    0 s *](  nDTb0 2< !0 s *4T @,$ 0 Ln(:N^%cS'`ir( ў~~nBR}lSf~ ~~nmv}lSf~0 ''&@ "0 s *B p,$ 0 \~Avck8^lp:NTb,}lS:N p0,nm(WTbev}lS:Np,NON p0,nm Nl~. / 2       #0 s *0 ,$ 0 ,n2kOnm(WdkSR Nl~,{XRSO|v)n^,S_SO|)n^XTe,nmv}lS0Rp0,SO|S0Rlm$Nvs^a. 88 2( b    $0 s * ,$  0 V<TNTbKN]sS:NznmnBRvlpGSؚ+B#style.visibility<*0%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<*0D' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*!0%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<*!0D' =%(D' =%(DA' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0%(D' =-}6B!strips(upRight)*<3<*0D' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*"0%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<*"0D' =%(D' =%(D3' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 0%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<* 0D' =%(D' =%(D3' =4@BB BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*0D' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*#0%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<*#0D' =%(D' =%(DE' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*0D' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$0%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<*$0D' =%(DF' =%(D' =4@BBBB%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*0D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*0++0+!0 ++0+"0 ++0+#0 ++0+$0 +* (  n  3 A9%, U 0  6L2 `{c nBRlpGSؚ pQR;u‰ w >&(!&!&!H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10.+ޜDh' = @B D'  =0BcancelBubble@BA?%<(<*%<(<*_%(D' =%(D' =%(D9' =4@BBBB%(D' =2u;BtogglePause*<3<*D'  = B`B?<*%(/%,( < +/%,( < +)?+ 4(  4f 4 s *hH2xph<$  0 2 N. lpGSؚ(boiling-point elevation) : 傶nm-NReQN^%cS'`n(, nmvlp\GSؚ. [znm pA=pA*xA<pA* Eeznm(Wck8^lpev}lS\N~nBRv}lS, Nl~,{GSؚSO|v )n^MbOnml~ $Nvs^a mAsol=mAg =mA*(T,p)+RTlnxA SǏ zvDG DvapG= mA* mAsol = RTlnxA #ss#(3       = n    H 4 0޽h ? ̙33  ___PPT10 .+y[D. ' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4#<%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*4#<D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4<P%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*4<PD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4P%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*4PD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*4+8+0+42 + L(    S [<$ 0 [ <(uN Nv{|+B#style.visibility<*.%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<*.D' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*.B%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<*.BD' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*B_%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<*B_D' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*_%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<*_+8+0+[ + h(  0  S ([%<$ 0 [ N,(Wv TvSm^ N,lpGSؚvE^^\NQVpMNOvE^^. Qyir(vpencY N: 4l  HAc Kf/K.kg.mol-1 1.86 5.12 6.9 3.90 Kb/K.kg.mol-1 0.51 2.53 5.8 3.07$$$$$$$$z    H  0޽h ? ̙33  ___PPT10j .CK+lD ' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DH' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(%(D' =-w6Bdiamond(out)*<3<*(D' =%(D' =%(DH' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(?%(D' =-w6Bdiamond(out)*<3<*(?D' =%(D' =%(DH' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*?f%(D' =-w6Bdiamond(out)*<3<*?fD' =%(D' =%(DH' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*f%(D' =-w6Bdiamond(out)*<3<*f+8+0+[ +0 8(  8v 8 c $[xhP<$  0 [ S_n(_NwQ g%cS'`e,ReQn(T,nmlpvSSk YBg, gS NGS,_NS NM. 傶n(v%cS'`ؚ,nmvlp\ NM;傶n(v%cS'`NO,nmvlp\GSؚ. (uNMRbv{|+B#style.visibility<*8*Q%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*8*QD ' =%(D ' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8Qb%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*8QbDR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8b%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*8bDR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*8DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*8D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*8+8+0+8[ +f?  r(j( QQ<((  <~ < s *<\     p  <# H ,$D 0v N p  < p  N l  < p `B < 0Dl l P `B < 0Dl D D `B < 0D  D `B  < 0Dl `B  < 0D` ` `B  < 0D` `B  < 0D,l ,`B  < 0D  Z < s *tx Z < s *pl`B < 0DL D L ` `B < 0D P ` `B <B 0DL D `B <B 0DL `B <B 0DL  `B <B 0DL  d `B <B 0DL X `B <B 0DL `B <B 0DL < `B <B 0D| 0 `  < s *XS0 @  VnBR 2 < s *, 4  Vnm 2 < s *<<  Ep 2 `B < 0Dh`B < 0D|` < s *8Z Ep 2   < s * d  XJS 2 !< s *4l? 4 ,$ 0 _Y: S-NnBRAvSf[R mA= mA*(T,p)+RTlnxA ]~nBRAvSf[R mA*(T,p) , N'YN mA dke,A\NSf[Rؚv]~JSꁨRAmTS. rq 2  #       "<# D  ,$D  0N  X  #<  @ &N ( W $< h  X G Z2 %< s *(# WfB &< 6D0 @ @<N  X  '<  L &N ( W (< P @ 3Z2 )< s *(# WfB *< 6D0 @ @&N ( W +< ,  Z2 ,< s *(# WfB -< 6D0 @ @&N ( W .<  d Z2 /< s *(# WfB 0< 6D0 @ @&N ( W 1<   Z2 2< s *(# WfB 3< 6D0 @ @&N ( W 4< h l X Z2 5< s *(# WfB 6< 6D0 @ @<N    7<   &N @(# W 8<  Z2 9< s *(# WfB :<B 6D@@@&N @(# W ;<   G Z2 << s *(# WfB =<B 6D@@@&N @(# W ><   Z2 ?< s *(# WfB @<B 6D@@@&N @(# W A<  X Z2 B< s *(# WfB C<B 6D@@@&N @(# W D<   3Z2 E< s *(# WfB F<B 6D@@@X @(# W G<#  ,$D  0Z2 H< s *(# WfB I<B 6D@@@z J< s *h?$ ,$ 0 (WSO|vSTnmeRYvSR,nmvSf[R\KNXR,nBRAvSf[R_NOXR,S_SRXR0RN[ z^e,nm-NAvSf[R\I{N]~nBRAvSf[R,N/f[hV$NAvSf[Rv T,A NQTSn,dkYDRvSRy:NnS,:Np.:v 2s   @  x K<#  x,$D 0Z L< s *pZ M< s *p<`B N<B 0Dx (H`B O<B 0Dl H`B P<B 0D H H Q< s *t? X x Rp 2B < s *޽h ? ff̙ff___PPT10t.+SzD' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(D3' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<*<D' =%(D' =%(DT' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*!<%(D' =-6B'blinds(horizontal)*<3<*!<D' =%(D' =%(DC' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*"<%(D' =-6B#barn(inVertical)*<3<*"<D' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*J<%(D' =-o6Bbox(out)*<3<*J<Dn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*K<%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*K<D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*K<Dn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*G<%(D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*G<D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*G<+p+0+!<? ++0+J<? +  @x(  @@ @ c $[pp`<$  0 [ ^ N. nS(osmotic pressure): ~nBRAvSf[RؚNnm-NAvSf[R,\~nBRTnm(uNJS(S1uǏnBRARP[)_,RAON~nBRNeTnmNen0 傁;bknBRvn,S(WnmNeeRSR,Ncؚnm(SbnBR)vSf[R,O~nBRSf[RNnm-NnBRvSf[RvI{.dke,A\\PbkTnmvvn,ُyDRSRy:NnS.n,30'$'$5'$'$'$'$'$'$'$V     H @ 0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10z.+y[D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*@[%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*@[D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*@[%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*@[+8+0+@[ +* rj(    S qp<$  0  8`(WN[)n^TSR N: ~nBRvSf[R:N: mA*(T,p) znm-NAvSf[R: mA=mA*+RTlnxA<mA* [nmeeRDRSRp,Onm-NAvSf[RN~AvSf[RvI{: mA= mA*(T,p+p)+RTlnxA= mA*(T,p) (8) mA*(T,p+p)=mA*(T,p)++"Vm*(A)dp (9)p`&+(  D     H  0޽h ? ̙33`X___PPT108.C Y+/D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(D>' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =-m6Bbox(in)*<3<* D' =%(D' =%(D>' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*@%(D' =-m6Bbox(in)*<3<*@D' =%(D' =%(D>' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*@`%(D' =-m6Bbox(in)*<3<*@`D' =%(D' =%(D>' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*`%(D' =-m6Bbox(in)*<3<*`D' =%(D' =%(D>' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-m6Bbox(in)*<3<*+8+0+ +   @ " (    S EwR<$ 0  P ~nBRNnm-NAvSf[R]nt . l2  <>X0 6   c BC)DE4FA> j}5&bLMb;}) @    c"$` {n f2   6> )E f2   6> ~)F   c BCDE@F A>"&L 65kf2z>U @     c"$` > H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10g.DkC+D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DH' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*E%(D' =-w6Bdiamond(out)*<3<*ED' =%(D' =%(DH' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*EO%(D' =-w6Bdiamond(out)*<3<*EOD' =%(D' =%(DH' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Ob%(D' =-w6Bdiamond(out)*<3<*ObD' =%(D' =%(DE' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<* D' =%(D' =%(DH' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*b%(D' =-w6Bdiamond(out)*<3<*b+8+0+ +  DR(  D D c $p`xp<$  0   nAVm*(A)p = nBRT VH"nA Vm*(A) 4" pV=nBRT (10) p=nB/VRT=cBRT (11) (10),(11)_:NnSv{lQ_.`((((((( (((((((((00 0(00000(    H D 0޽h ? ̙33  ___PPT10 .+y[D. ' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*D"%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*D"D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*D"5%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*D"5D' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*D5K%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*D5KD' =%(D' =%(DR' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*DK`%(D' =-6B%strips(downRight)*<3<*DK`+8+0+D + 0(  R  S @R<$ 0  @Sng: TnmeRY'YvSR,Onm-NnBRvSf[R'YN~nBRvSf[R,Rnm-NvnBROꁨR0WAmeQ~nBRv.ُysay:NSng. Sngb/g^l0W^(uNwm4lvmS. nsa(Wu}TSOQw@w^8^͑v\O(u,~ހ`n\O(u[beHN"Ǐ z,~ހ/fJS,S4l,'lT g:g\RP[Ǐ, Nˆ}v(,Y|I{ؚZSOǏ.rn$$${$#$   H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10j.C@i+G^D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DH' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-w6Bdiamond(out)*<3<*+8+0+ +rxLAx&B ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root EntrydO)Pictures=bCurrent UserSummaryInformation(!PowerPoint Document(2=DocumentSummaryInformation8